Showing 23 results for Sintering
T. Ebadzadeh, S. Ghaffari, M. Alizadeh, K. Asadian, Y. Ganjkhanlou,
Volume 16, Issue 1 (3-2019)
Abstract
The densification behavior, structural and microstructural evolution and microwave dielectric properties of Li2TiO3 + xZnO (x = 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, and 5 mol%) ceramics have been investigated using X-ray diffraction, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and microwave resonant measurement. The Maximum density of 3.33 g/cm3 was obtained in Li2TiO3 + 2ZnO ceramic at low sintering temperature of 1100˚C. SEM investigations revealed good close packing of grains when x = 2 and preferential grain growth when x ≥ 3. The maximum values of Q × f = 31800 GHz and εr = 22.5 were obtained in Li2TiO3 + 3ZnO and Li2TiO3 + 2ZnO compositions, respectively. The observed properties are attributed to the microstructural evolution and grain growth (first case) or high density of the obtained ceramic (second case).
A. R. Abbasian, M. R. Rahimipour, Z. Hamnabard,
Volume 16, Issue 4 (12-2019)
Abstract
In this work, lithium meta titanate (Li2TiO3) nanocrystallites were synthesized by hydrothermal method and subsequent heat treatment. The shrinkage of the powder compact was measured under constant heating rate in order to study the sintering behavior of the synthesized powders. Densification curves of the synthesized powders were also constructed via the dilatometry analysis and evaluated at several heating rates. Two separate methods of analytical procedure and master curve sintering were employed to determine the activation energy of the initial sintering stage. The activation energy values were estimated based on these two distinct methods as 229±14 and 230 kJ/mol respectively, consistenting with each other. Moreover, surface diffusion was determined as the dominant mechanism of densification on initial sintering of Li2TiO3 nanocrystallites.
H. Aydın,
Volume 16, Issue 4 (12-2019)
Abstract
Mullite–zirconia composites were prepared using lanthanum oxide (La2O3) additive which three different mole ratio by the reaction sintering (RS) route of alumina, kaolinite and zircon. Starting materials were planetary milled, shaped into pellets and bars and sintered in the temperature range of 1450–1550 0C with 5 h soaking at peak temperature. In this work, the mullite-zirconia composites were characterized by thermal expansion coefficient, physical, microstructures and mechanical properties. The XRD method were employed for determining the crystalline phase composition of these composites. Microstructure of the composites was examined by SEM. ZrO2 takes part in both the intergranular as well as intragranular positions. However, intragranular zirconias are much smaller compared to intergranular zirconias.
H. Momeni, S. Shabestari, S.h. Razavi,
Volume 17, Issue 4 (12-2020)
Abstract
In this research, densification and shape distortion of the Al-Cu-Mg (Al2024) pre-alloyed powder compact in the supersolidus liquid phase sintering process (SLPS) were investigated. The effect of Sn on the sintering process was also studied. The powders were compacted at pressures ranging from 100 to 500 MPa in a cylindrical die. The sintering process was performed in a dry N2 atmosphere at various temperatures (580-620 ºC) for 30 min at a heating rate of 10 ºCmin-1. Results showed that the onset of densification process was observed at 600ºC and onset of distortion was occurred at 610ºC. Addition of 0.1 wt. %Sn to the alloy has increased the distortion of the samples produced from Al-Cu-Mg pre-alloyed powder, but their densification has been improved. The compact pressure of 200MPa caused the complete densification at the optimum sintering temperature and at the compact pressures greater than 200MPa; the sintered density was independent of green density.
H. Mohebbi, S.m. Mirkazemi,
Volume 17, Issue 4 (12-2020)
Abstract
Flash sintering of 8 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia (8YSZ) as solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) electrolyte is studied. The relation between relative density, shrinkage, sample temperature during the flash, and incubation time, with the electric field strength, current density, as well as contact paste, are modeled by response surface methodology (RSM). The electric field strength and current density varied from 50 to 400V.cm-1 and 50 to 200mA.mm-2, respectively. Also, platinum (Pt) and lanthanum strontium manganite (LSM) used as contact paste. Results show that using LSM paste lead to higher density and more shrinkage compare with Pt paste. Contrary, the electric field strength has no significant effect on density and shrinkage. However, a minimum electric field strength equal to 80 V.cm-1 is necessary for flash onset. As the field increases, the incubation time decreases dramatically. Compare with samples with LSM paste, samples with Pt contact paste reach to a higher temperature during the flash. Flash sintered 8YSZ shows the mean grain size of 0.3μm, which is about half of the conventionally sintered 8YSZ. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy reveals despite lower mean grain size, the resistivity of flash sintered 8YSZ is lower than conventionally sintered 8YSZ.
Sasan Ranjbar Motlagh, Hosein Momeni, Naser Ehsani,
Volume 18, Issue 1 (3-2021)
Abstract
In this study, the effect of annealing treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of Nb-10Hf-1Ti wt.% produced by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) was investigated. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, hardness, and uniaxial tension test were used. Annealing treatment was carried out in a vacuum of 10-3 Pa at 1150 °C for 1, 3, 5, and 7 hours and in an argon atmosphere at 1350 °C for 5 hours. Internal oxidation and subsequent hafnium oxide formation causes the hardening of the C103 alloy and drastically increases hardness and tensile strength. Although HfO2 particles formed in the grain boundary cause brittleness and cleavage fracture of samples. Volume fraction, particle size, and mean interparticle spacing of oxides significantly change by annealing and subsequently the mechanical properties are affected. The SPSed sample at 1500 ℃ is softened by annealing at 1150 ℃ for 5 hours and its hardness and yield strength are reduced from 303 Hv to 230 Hv and 538 MPa to 490 MPa respectively. While annealing at 1350 ℃for 5 hours increases hardness and yield strength increases to 343 Hv and 581 MPa.
Dillibabu Surrya Prakash, Narayana Dilip Raja,
Volume 18, Issue 4 (12-2021)
Abstract
Hybrid composites consisting of AA6061 matrix reinforced with TiB2 (2, 4, 6, and 8 wt. %), Al2O3 (2 wt. %) particles were produced by the sintering process. In comparison to the base material AA6061, the composite produced had improved mechanical properties. The sintered composites' mechanical properties, such as tensile strength and hardness, are measured and compared to the wear-tested specimen. Optical micrographs reveal that composites were riddled with defects like blowholes, pinholes, and improper bonding between the particulates before sintering. However, the post-sintered optical micrograph showed that the defects were greatly suppressed. Micrographic images revealed the changes in surface characteristics before and after wear. Until a sliding distance of 260 m, the wear rate of the hybrid composites was kept lower than that of the base material. The coefficient of all the composite materials produced for this study was noted to be less than that of the base material. The results reveal that the hardness of hybrid composites having 4 wt. % and 6 wt. % of TiB2 particulates increased by 5.98 % and 1.35 %. Because of the frictional heating during the wear test, the tensile properties lowered by up to 49.6%. It is concluded that the hybrid composites having 4 wt. % and 6 wt. % of TiB2 particulates exhibited less wear rate for extended sliding distance, good hardness, moderate tensile strength, and decent elongation percentage compared to its counterparts.
Sara Ahmadi, Bijan Eftekhari Yekta, Hossein Sarpoolaky, Alireza Aghaei,
Volume 18, Issue 4 (12-2021)
Abstract
In the present work, monolithic gels were prepared through different drying procedures including
super critical, infrared wavelengths and traditional drying methods. Dense and transparent glasses
were obtained after controlled heat treatment of the dried porous xerogels in air atmosphere.
The chemical bonding as well as different properties of the prepared gels and the relevant glasses
were examined by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer-Emmitt-
Teller (BET) and UV-Vis spectrometer. Based on the obtained results, different drying conditions
affect the average pore size and the total pore volume of the studied gels. The mean pore size was
found to be 8.7 nm, 2.4 nm and 3.2 nm for super critical, IR radiation and slow drying in air
atmosphere, respectively. The glass network structure was significantly changed by heat treatment temperature so that the B-O-Si bonds were formed only after 450 °C. It was found that the gel dried under super critical condition was unable to reach to its full density all over the selected sintering temperature interval.
Mohammad Jafaripour, Hassan Koohestani, Behrooz Ghasemi,
Volume 18, Issue 4 (12-2021)
Abstract
In this study, aluminum matrix composites reinforced with Al2O3 and SiC nanoparticles, and graphene nanoplatelets produced by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) were studied. The microstructural and mechanical properties of the composites were evaluated by changing the amounts of the reinforcing materials. The SEM images showed that the reinforcing particles were more distributed in the grain boundary regions. According to the results, the addition of alumina and SiC to the matrix caused an increase in the composite density whereas the composite density decreased by adding graphene nanoplatelets. The highest relative density of 96.3% was obtained for the composite containing 2 wt% Al2O3. The presence of the reinforcing particles increased the hardness of all the samples compared to the pure aluminum (39 HV). The composite containing 1 wt.% Al2O3, 0.7 wt.% SiC, and 0.3 wt.% graphene showed the highest hardness of 79 HV. Moreover, the plastic deformation of the specimens decreased and the slope of the plastic region increased by adding the reinforcing particles to the matrix.
Alireza Zibanejad-Rad, Ali Alizadeh, Seyyed Mehdi Abbasi,
Volume 21, Issue 2 (6-2024)
Abstract
Pressureless sintering was employed at 1400 °C to synthesize Ti matrix composites (TMCs) reinforced with in-situ TiB and TiC reinforcements using TiB2 and B4C initial reinforcements. The microstructure and wear behavior of the synthesized composites were evaluated and compared and the results showed that B4C caused the formation of TiB-TiC in-situ hybrid reinforcements in the Ti matrix. Also, TiB was in the form of blades/needles and whiskers, and TiC was almost equiaxed. Moreover, the volume fraction of the in-situ formed reinforcement using B4C was much higher than that formed using TiB2. In addition, although the hardness of the B4C-synthesized composites was higher, the composite synthesized using 3 wt.% TiB2 exhibited the highest hardness (425 HV). The wear test results showed that the sample synthesized using 3 wt.% TiB2 showed the lowest wear rate at 50 N, mainly because of its higher hardness. The dominant wear mechanism in the samples synthesized using 3 wt.% B4C was abrasive and delamination at 50 N and 100 N, respectively while in the samples synthesized 3 wt.% TiB2, a combination of delamination and adhesive wear and adhesive wear was ruling, respectively.
Mahdi Rajaee, Mahdi Raoufi, Zeinab Malekshahi Beiranvand, Abbas Naeimi,
Volume 22, Issue 2 (6-2025)
Abstract
This research explored the impact of the nickel-to-manganese ratio and the influence of the matrix phase on the properties of W-Ni-Mn tungsten heavy alloys (WHAs), aiming to determine the optimal composition for achieving desirable alloy properties. For this purpose, tungsten, nickel, and manganese powders with specified weight percentages underwent two rounds of wet milling. Powder mixtures were obtained with weight ratios of 90W-6Ni-4Mn, 90W-8Ni-2Mn, and 88W-10Ni-2Mn. These mixtures were then compressed through the cold pressing method at a pressure of 250 MPa. Subsequent reduction and sintering processes were carried out in a tube furnace at temperatures of 1150 and 1400 °C, respectively. Microstructural characterization was conducted using both optical and electron microscopy. The results showed that the change in chemical composition is not significantly effective on the sintering density of the samples and also the highest sintering density, reaching 90.11%, was achieved with the 88W-10Ni-2Mn sample. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that carburization of W-Ni-Mn WHAs during the sintering process led to an increase in the micro-hardness of the samples. The highest hardness, measuring 381 Hv, was observed in the 90W-6Ni-4Mn alloy, where carburization occurred. XRD results revealed that an increase in the nickel-to-manganese ratio led to a reduction in the peaks of manganese carbide and tungsten carbide. Consequently, this decrease in carbide peaks resulted in a reduction in hardness, reaching 352 Hv in the case of the 88W-10Ni-2Mn sample. Additionally, the alloys 90W-6Ni-4Mn and 88W-10Ni-2Mn both exhibited the lowest continuity, a value of 0.5. Fracture surface SEM images illustrated that the 90W-6Ni-4Mn alloy, characterized by the lowest nickel-to-manganese ratio (1.5), exhibited the highest trans-granular fracture mode involving cleavage and matrix tearing, which is considered desirable. Furthermore, an increase in the matrix phase content resulted in a shift of the preferred crack path, originating from the matrix phase.
